超尔星学雅习通答案医学综合英语形成性考核答案

医学综合英语

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问题: 1. Each year thousands of people receive a lifesaving organ transplant, with thousands of people receiving life-changing tissue transplants such as a cornea to help them see again, or a bone transplant to help _______

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问题: 2. Many conditions and illnesses can lead to an organ ________

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问题: 3. If this is th云南开放大学答案e case, you will be ________ to see if an organ transplant is the best _______________ for you.

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问题: 4. For patients and their families, the wait on the transplant list can be long and __________

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问题: 5. Often it's when someone can't be saved after a serious accident or sudden _______________ , such as a _________ or brain _________

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问题: 6. The decision to donate organs will only be made after the patient's family and doctor have discussed, and agreed, that _________ is no longer possible and to withdraw __________ treatment.

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问题: 7. Or, if the patient has been declared dead through ______________ death tests and is still on a _________ .

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问题: 8. Organs are matched and offered based on different factors including waiting time, urgency and clinical reasons such as ___________ , _________ and _____________

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问题: 1. A private company, called Life Sharers, aims to provide organs to all.

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问题: 2. Organs are "no use" to dead people.

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问题: 3. No matter whether the medical routine study is on the dead body or experimentation on living individuals, such "violation" aims to save people.

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问题: 4. Undoubtedly organ transplantation has no disadvantage because it can save individuals and relieve suffering.

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问题: 5. The decision about whether to become organ donors might be affected by individual's moral assessment of organ allocation.

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问题: 1. What aspects are involved in the public discussion about the ethics of organ transplantation?

选项:

• A. The human significance of removing organs from both living and cadaveric donors.

• B. The criteria for determining when death occurs and when the decedent’s organs might be taken.

• C. Whose wishes should ultimately decide whether organs are used or not used.

• D. All of the above.

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问题: 2. Which of the following sentences is true according to the text?

选项:

• A. The Uniform Anatomical Gifts Act of 1968 granted doctors the right to decide whether they wish the patients to donate their organs.

• B. The Organ Transplantation Act of 1984 aimed to encourage organ donation by establishing an organized organ matching and procurement network.

• C. The two acts sought to protect patients' benefits of organ transplantation separately.

• D. The two acts tried to preserve certain ethical limits while treating body as recycled resources.

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问题: 3. What has prompted a renewed debate about whether monetary incentives should be used to increase organ supply?

选项:

• A. The desperation of watching many people die every year while waiting for organs.

• B. The fact that many lives have been saved that would not have been in other ways.

• C. The phenomenon that many people have given themselves to save other people’s lives.

• D. The belief that the human body has not been reduced to mere property.

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问题: 4. What do the books and articles about organ transplantation claim?

选项:

• A. Formal recognition of donors with commemorative medals should be provided to donors.

• B. Tax credit should be offered to individuals who donate organs.

• C. The current organ procurement system is a failure and it is time to explore a market-based system to solve the organ supply problem.

• D. Reimbursement of the costs incurred by living donors should be offered.

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问题: 5. What is the most important part of the human context for considering organ transplantation?

选项:

• A. The different organ procurement policies.

• B. The dignity and integrity of the human body.

• C. The uselessness of the human body after death.

• D. The grace and excellence human beings experience.

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问题: 6. What might be the result if people only aim to save the most possible lives while inflicting the least harm on the living?

选项:

• A. There would not be great suffering that cannot be ameliorated because of organ shortage.

• B. People would deny the great good that has come from organ transplantation.

• C. Society would simply take all available organs and treat dead bodies as a public resource.

• D. The doctors would not do any harm even when great good might come from it.

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问题: 7. What is NOT one of the questions that people need to consider when it comes to organ transplantation?

选项:

• A. Whose wishes should finally decide whether organs are taken?

• B. Who will be responsible if there is some rejection after the transplantation?

• C. Do siblings or parents have a moral obligation to donate organs to their siblings or children?

• D. Are there legitimate moral reasons not to be an organ donor?

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问题: 8. People need to bear in mind three caveats when considering the systems governing the procurement of cadaveric organs. These caveats include all of the following EXCEPT____?

选项:

• A. it is not easy in practice to separate the debate over organ procurement from the debate over organ allocation

• B. many proposed policies are untested hypotheses and their claims can neither be written off in advance nor accepted at face value

• C. it is impossible to separate the ethical-political debate over cadaveric organs from the debate over living organ donation

• D. the possibility of organ transplantation has created new kinds of pressures and new forms of suffering

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问题: 9. How should we think about the meaning of organ transplantation in its fullness?

选项:

• A. We should think about organ donation as a gift of life and organ retrieval as a violation of the human body.

• B. We should think about organ transplantation as a noble form of cannibalism.

• C. We should think about the organ shortage as a tragedy for those individuals and families that wait for organs.

• D. All of the above.

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问题: 10. What is the guiding principle of the policy of “unrestricted autonomy”?

选项:

• A. Individuals own their bodies as a possession and only they can weigh the risks versus benefits, when it comes to how their organs are treated.

• B. All cadaver organs would be retrieved regardless of the wishes of the deceased or their family.

• C. The body ought not to be turned into a thing.

• D. The activity of mourning must not be influenced by removing the deceased individual’s organs.

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问题: 1. Organ transplant is the transfer of a ________or an ________, alive or dead, _______ an individual, __________ individuals of the ________ species or different species.

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问题: 2. The first human-to-human _______ transplant was performed by South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard in 1967.

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问题: 3. ____________are the major types of organ transplant that have been performed clinically.

选项:

• A. autograft

• B. monograft

• C. xenograft

• D. allograft

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问题: 1. In China, _________ is entrusted as the third party to promote and oversee the organ donation.

选项:

• A. Organ Procurement Organization

• B. National Association of Organ Transplant

• C. The Red Cross Society

• D. China Organ Transplant Responsive System

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问题: 2. Introduced to China from the west, organ transplantation has gone through stages of clinical trial and application and has gradually evolved to become an ________ (two words) to some terminal disease.

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问题: 1. The second part of the text is dedicated to the discussion of ________.

选项:

• A. the status quo of the organ donation and transplant in America

• B. different systems for governing the procurement of cadaveric organs

• C. the human context within the organ donation and transplantation

• D. the obligations and limits of medicine

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问题: 2. Of the three major types of the literary form, ________ is basically to tell a story in detail.

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• A. argumentation

• B. exposition

• C. interpretation

• D. narration

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问题: 3. As an expository essay prepared for the discussion of the State Council, the ongoing essay use the rhetorical device of ________ to enhance the strength of persuasiveness.

选项:

• A. repetition and examplification

• B. validity of facts and dialectical logic

• C. antithesis and fragmentation

• D. punning and sarcasm

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问题: 1. According to the analysis of the first sentence of Para. 1, ________ is the yardstick of the policy choices of organ donation and transplantation.

选项:

• A. ethics of organ transplant

• B. wishes for donating the organs

• C. criteria for organ procurement

• D. obligation of medicine

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问题: 2. The rhetorical device employed in the underlined part of the sentence “The obligation to heal- as fundamental as it is to the good life and good society- exist in concert and sometimes in conflict with other human values…” is called __________.

选项:

• A. assonance

• B. rhyme

• C. onomatopoeia

• D. alliteration

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问题: 3. Which of the following human values does organ transplant sometimes exist in conflict with?

选项:

• A. autonomy

• B. beneficence

• C. justice

• D. nonmaleficence

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问题: 4. The writer lists the following aspects to demonstrate the inseparability between the identity and body.

选项:

• A. The dilemma that our bodies are naturally designed to fail us with weariness and diseases.

• B. The humor arises when our bodies refuse to follow our mind.

• C. The graceful movements that can only be rendered by our bodies.

• D. The bodily activities to convey emotions and to extend the history of humans.

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问题: 1. According to the "giving and receiving" system, in practice, the decision of the donor's family is generally respected.

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问题: 2. It is certain that the "honoring and shaming" system can increase the organ supply.

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问题: 3. According to the public compensation, any form of payment should not be private and be separated from the organ allocation for the sake of equity of organ allocation.

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问题: 4. There is not any worry about the "routine retrieval."

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问题: 5. In the author's opinion, when we seek to increase the organ supply, we should take ethical limits into consideration.

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问题: 1. What is the greatest disadvantage of “giving and receiving” system?

选项:

• A. It respects both the prior wishes of the individual who has died and the wished of the family.

• B. It does not result in a sufficient number of cadaveric organs for all who would benefit from them.

• C. It prevents the commodification of the body and perverse incentives for self-mutilation.

• D. It ensures that individuals can decide before death whether they wish to donate their organs.

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问题: 2. What is the reason for the proposal of publicly honoring organ donors?

选项:

• A. People believe that donation to save life is a civic duty, not just a philanthropic option.

• B. People who do not wish to donate their organs will not deserve others’ donation.

• C. People regard donation as less an other-regarding gift and more a self-regarding act.

• D. People have morally legitimate and admirable excuse for not donating their organs.

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问题: 3. What is the primary goal of publicly compensating individuals for donating their organs?

www.yuyue-edu.cn选项:

• A. To make people reflect on the difference between donors and nondonors.

• B. To open doors to a greatly increased commodification of the body.

• C. To increase organ supply by motivating more individuals to allow their organs to be retrieved.

• D. Tot change the character of organ procurement.

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问题: 4. What argument do the advocates for organ markets hold?

选项:

• A. Organ markets can increase organ supply, though not respecting the cadaveric bodies.

• B. Organ markets will help individuals decide whether to sell their organs before death.

• C. Organ markets make it fair for everyone in the transplantation business to make money.

• D. Organ markets are more efficient than public compensation by allowing the price for different body parts to shift with changing supply and demand.

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问题: 5. Which of the following is the tragic nature of all the policy proposals?

选项:

• A. Some goods are inevitably given up in order to preserve other goods that are deemed to be ore important.

• B. There are dangers of turning the bodies of poor people into just less valuable commodity.

• C. People’s attitude about organ transplantation may be affected to worse.

• D. The ethical and prudential judgments may render the public policy much more complex.

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问题: 1. Despite the fact that there are different ways to treat tinnitus nowadays, the combination method is still the preferred one.

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问题: 2. It is hard to treat chronic diseases, for it takes a lot of time to go into the process and find new ways for the patients.

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问题: 3. It is very rare for a patient recovering from tinnitus to claim he would like to have it back.

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问题: 4. Dr. Parwis Mir-Salim mentions three kinds of alternative complementary treatments and thinks they are not really evidence-based.

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问题: 5. The best way to get rid of tinnitus symptoms is to rest his ears and go to silent places.

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问题: 1. Animal testing is when _______ animals are used in experiments. Animals can be tested on in numerous different experiments, including to determine the _________.

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问题: 2. There is also moral argument that animal testing is acceptable because animals are ______________ humans because they lack _________ and reason.

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问题: 3. Proponents of Animal Testing argue that it is ______ right as it has helped with the development of many ________ treatments for both humans and animals.

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问题: 4. Opponents would argue that we are not that similar to the animals that are tested on, we are bigger, have different ______, making testing on them _____________.

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问题: 5. Proponents argue on the other hand that animal testing saves money as it avoids _______ and the cost of drugs having to be remade if they fail human ______.

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问题: 1. In the 19th century, animal experiments were being increasingly prompted by existing ________ problems, and carried out with the ultimate goal of developing new ___________ approaches.

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问题: 2. Opposition to animal experiments _________ in the second half of the twentieth century, in particular after the 1975 publication of Animal Liberation by Australian philosopher Peter Singer (born 1946).

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问题: 3. Seventeenth-century physiology would mark the dawn of modern scientific inquiry in the life sciences with animal experiments having been proven to be more _________ and _________ for obtaining scientifically sound knowledge on basic biological processes than ever before.

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问题: 4. The 3R principles of __________ are now used as an ethical framework for improving laboratory animal welfare throughout the world.

选项:

• A. replace

• B. recycle

• C. refine

• D. reduce

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问题: 5. Compared to other experimental animals, rodent models have the following advantages:

选项:

• A. small a广东开放大学答案nd easy to handle

• B. relatively cheap to house

• C. highly resistant to successive inbreeding

• D. rapid reproduction rate

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问题: 1. According to the anti-speciesism, since most animals are believed to have the _____________of psychological experiences, they should be granted with a membership in ________ community, with this membership here comes the moral _______.

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问题: 2. According to Rene Descartes, because of the capability of ________, mankind is ___________ to animals，while animals in absence of thinking capability are not different from _________ or machines which are_________, senseless.

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问题: 3. Armed with utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham considered animal research acceptable, provided the experiment could _________ the pain and suffering of animals while __________ the benefit for humans.

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问题: 4. Beginning from the early 19

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问题: 5. The first part of the text begins with a telling of ________ origin in the __________ of living animals and the use of _________ by the most prominent physician of antiquity.

选项:

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问题: 1. Why did Bernard's argument appear less compelling?

选项:

• A. Because only human beings were endowed with capabilities of experiencing pain or pleasure.

• B. Because only human beings were endowed with capabilities of assessing moral righteousness.

• C. Because Jeremy Bentham questioned whether animals truly lacked the capacity of experiencing pain or pleasure.

• D. Because of the Cartesian notion.

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问题: 2. Which description about the Cruelty to Animal Act of 1876 is NOT correct?

选项:

• A. It did not prohibit all animal vivisection.

• B. It required the use of anesthetics for many types of animal experimentation.

• C. It was established by the public reform campaign.

• D. It was to govern the keeping of animals.

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问题: 3. Why does the author say “there was clear consensus that the practice of animal vivisection was not unethical" (Para. 3)?

选项:

• A. Because anesthetics were best understood in animal vivisections.

• B. Because anesthetics were mostly used in animal vivisections.

• C. Because the medical benefits of using animals in research were clear during this period.

• D. Because the medical benefits of using animals in research were waiting to be found out during this period.

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问题: 4. How to understand the word “speciesism" in Paragraph 10?

选项:

• A. Dismissing animals' experiences of pain or sufferings as morally irrelevant, without providing a principled reason for such differential treatment amounts to a form of “speciesism.”

• B. Like racism or sexism, speciesism is intended to evoke the idea that it is morally indefensible to treat members of an entire category differently solely because they are members of that category.

• C. The use of animals in medical research is morally indefensible if there is not enough substantive criteria.

• D. All of the above.

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问题: 5. Which of the following is the accomplishment in the use of animals in modern medical research?

选项:

• A. The 渝粤题库development of a vaccine for rabies

• B. The treatment of diphtheria

• C. The advances in immunology and the study of infectious diseases

• D. All of the above

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问题: 6. Which of the following statements is true?

选项:

• A. Utilitarians do not assert that animals have moral rights in the way envisioned by those who appeal to speciesism.

• B. Utilitarians maintain that all animal experimentations are morally permissible.

• C. Speciesists maintain that all animal experimentations are objectionable.

• D. Speciesists maintain that only human beings could experience pain and sufferings.

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问题: 7. What do paragraphs 8 & 9 try to tell us?

选项:

• A. A researcher's moral sentiment might become deadened if he/she is exposed to animal sufferings for a very long time.

• B. It is very likely that a researcher who has done animal experiments for so long might deliberately hurt a human being.

• C. A sense of f北京开放大学答案raternity among all living things has been gradually recognized.

• D. All of the above.

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问题: 8. The emergence of The Society for the Protection of Animals Liable to Vivisection is to ________.

选项:

• A. minimize the pain and sufferings for the animal

• B. criticize the defenders of animal experimentation

• C. develop a force for anti-vivisection movement.

• D. all of the above

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问题: 9. In paragraph 4, Bernard argued that animal experimentation was ethically acceptable because _________.

选项:

• A. animal experimentation was essential to the relief of human sufferin国家开放大学答案g

• B. animal experimentation was essential to the eternity of human life

• C. animal experimentation was essential to the keeping of domestic pets

• D. animal experimentation was essential to the availability of the general anesthetics

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问题: 10. What does the sentence "These early vivisections appear to have been done mostly for exploratory purposes to describe the inner workings of animals" (Para. 1)mean?

选项:

• A. The early vivisections were done to find out how the animals work inside the lab.

• B. The early vivisections were done to find out how the animals work under people's inspection.

• C. The early vivisections were done to find out the mental work of the animals.

• D. The early vivisections were done to find out the anatomical structures and physical functions of the animals.

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问题: 1. Many federal and private funds are used to support medical research involving the use of animals.

选项:

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问题: 2. The increasing numbers of experimental animals required to conduct biomedical researches are justified.

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问题: 3. Several decades worth of experience with current regulations regarding the use of animals in biomedical research has produced a strong moral consensus for these practices. Researchers who fail to comply with those regulations should expect to be judged by their peers as unprofessional, to be subject to various institutional sanctions.

选项:

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问题: 4. The public are satisfied with the detailed regulations governing the use of animals in biomedical researches.

选项:

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问题: 5. There is a small enclave of passionate individuals committed to the idea that all animal research is inherently unethical.

选项:

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问题: 6. The Animal Liberation Front is the organization to supervise the use of animals in biomedical researches.

选项:

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问题: 1. The animal testing cannot pioneer effects that are advantageous to the heath of individuals.

选项:

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问题: 2. Without animal testing, human would not have mastered so much knowledge about medicine.

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问题: 3. People can understand more about the animals and human being itself by animal testing.

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问题: 4. Millions of people were killed by smallpox and rabies before the 20th century because there was no cure for these diseases.

选项:

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问题: 5. Animals kept in cages in medicine laboratories suffer more from physical pain than from anxiety, stress and fear.

选项:

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问题: 1. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?

选项:

• A. Animal testing is necessary to test the latest medicines.

• B. Animal testing doesn't violate the animal's right because we only use them to test the latest medicine.

• C. The use of animals as test subjects in scientific research has provided spectacular improvements in our understanding of human psychology.

• D. Without animal testing, it is certain that much of what is known today towards the eternity of life would remain closed off to us.

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问题: 2. Which of the following statements is NOT the benefit of animal testing?

选项:

• A. By using animals in biomedical investigations and research, scientists have been able to resolve many medical troubles that humans have been fighting for many years.

• B. Researchers are able to help human beings survive by killing animals.

• C. Researchers have developed vaccines by using animal testing.

• D. Animal testing has been playing important roles in producing new medicines.

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问题: 3. Which statement about Descartes is true according to the text?

选项:

• A. He is a French philosopher, mathematician and scientist.

• B. He thought that animals do not have minds.

• C. He said that animals are like machines created by God in order to please human beings.

• D. All of the above.

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问题: 4. What kind of physical pains do testing animals have to suffer?

选项:

• A. Animals are often being injected carelessly or exposed to excessive a江苏开放大学答案mount of poisonous substances.

• B. Animals are hit or kicked.

• C. Animal are not well fed and their cages are not cleaned regularly.

• D. All of the above.

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问题: 5. According to the text, the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) is one of the most extreme animal-right advocate organizations because

选项:

• A. it has caused more than 1,200 violent acts since 1900

• B. it carried out a booming act in Cambridge, Massachusetts, near Boston

• C. it has caused millions of dollars damage

• D. all of the above

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问题: 1. _____________ technology consists of growing cells inside of tiny chips that mimic the structure and behavior of human organs.

选项:

• A. 3D-printing

• B. Organ-on-a-chip

• C. Organ-computation

• D. Tissue-bioprinting

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问题: 2. Which of the following technologies can provide researchers with a more accurate perception of how drugs react in body as a whole?

选项:

• A. organoid

• B. cell culture

• C. bio printing

• D. cell computation

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问题: 3. During the last century, we had a proliferation of medical innovations aimed at improving_________.

选项:

• A. quality of life

• B. treatment options

• C. diagnosis

• D. life expectancy

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问题: 4. The top great innovations in medical industry can be found in ________.

选项:

• A. medications

• B. medical devices

• C. therapeutical interventions

• D. technology

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问题: 5. Animal experimentation is performed for the purpose of ________.

选项:

• A. biomedical training and education

• B. testing the safety of product

• C. biomedical research

• D. testing the security of digital device

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