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大学英语A1
一、阅读理解
In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning". An individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with other people and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.
1.The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ______.
A.give parents some advice on how to bring up children
B.debate with psychologists on people's positive and negative feelings
C.teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotions
D.inform the general reader of two basic processes of modifying emotions through learning
2.In classical conditioning, a child learns to ______.
A.associate one event with a reward or punishment
B.do things that produce rewards
C.receive a reward when he feel happy
D.recognize his mother's face and voice
3.Which of the following is a case of “operant conditioning”?
A.Children learn to do things that produce punishment.
B.The baby feels happy when he sees his mother's face.
C.Children learn to mix with others by reading, watching TV and so forth.
D.The baby increases his crying because his mother attends to him whenever he cries.
4.The underlined word “fashion” can be replaced by “______”.
A.vogue
B.route
C.manner
D.fate
5.According to the passage, positive feelings include ______.
A.care, association, and nice person
B.joy, happiness, and friendliness
C.comfort, cares, and anger
D.reading, watching TV, and interacting with others
In America, during the meal, you'd better be careful not to leave a spoon in a soup bowl or coffee cup or any other dish. The coffee spoon ought to be on the saucer, the soup spoon ought to be on the plate under the bowl. When you are having soup, make the least noises and use the side of your spoon inside out this way, not the tip. And you mustn't pick up your soup bowls so as to drink away the last drops of your soup from the bottom of the bowl.
Very often there is only one main course and salad, followed by your sweet. If you find the meal not enough, say "Oh, it's delicious!" and ask for some more of the chicken or steak or whatever you have just had. The hostess will be very glad that you appreciate her cooking and will give you an extra portion. But if you observe the Chinese way of being polite and say "No, thank you" when the hostess offers you more, you will most probably starve later, because Americans will never press food on you. Yet it is not polite to keep silent and not to talk with the person next to you. It would be considered good manners if you handle your silverware with care so that they don't make any noise. When coffee comes, drink it from your cup. The coffee spoon should rest on the saucer while you are drinking. And smoking, of course, is rarely seen at a dinner table. Well, when the meal is finished, the guests put their napkins on the table and stand up, the men again helping the ladies with their chairs.
After the dinner, the guests usually stay for an hour or two, then they would say, "Well, I'm afraid I must be going now." The host and hostess would of course urge everyone to stay longer. "What, already? Won't you have another coffee?" The guests, for instance, would say, "I'd love to, but I have to be up early tomorrow morning. Thank you for a most enjoyable evening. Good-night."
And if you stay overnight or over the weekend, it will be courteousto send a thank-you note to the host or hostess the following day, very often with a small gift such as a box of chocolate or some flowers as a token of appreciation of their hospitality.
6.Which of the following would be the best title of the passage?
A.How to Prepare for a Meal.
B.Never Press Food on Your Guest.
C.Table Manners in the U.S.A.
D.How to Enjoy a Dinner.
7.The passage suggests that ______.
A.to make the hostess happy you should ask for more food even if you are full
B.you should keep silent at a dinner table in order to be polite
C.if you want to be friendly with the person next to you, you should press food on him
D.talking is necessary at a dinner table
8.At a dinner table, you do all of the following except ______.
A.making the least noise possible
B.picking up your soup bowl to drink away the last drop
C.handling your silverware with care
D.drinking the coffee from your cup
9.What does "courteous" in the last paragraph mean?
A.Friendly.
B.Generous.
C.Polite.
D.Noble.
10.The passage implies that ______.
A.different nations have different customs
B.Chinese customs are quite similar to American ones
C.both Chinese and Americans have soup before the main course
D.if you are polite, the hostess will press more food on you
二、词汇与语法
11.China has been following the foreign policy to develop relations with other countries on the _______ of the five principles of peaceful co-existence.
A.basis
B.bases
C.ground
D.foundation
12.My grandmother ________the dust by having double windows.
A.put down
B.shut out
C.cut short
D.taken off
13.Of the two houses the family prefers _________.
A.the more isolated one
B.the one isolated more
C.the most isolated one
D.the much isolated one
14.So far, he must have achieved his goal, _______?
A.mustn't he
B.didn't he
C.hasn't he
D.doesn't he
15.______ Jerry at 8 o'clock. He will have had his breakfast by then.
A.Pick out
B.Pick at
C.Pick on
D.Pick up
16.That poorly dressed old man felt quite ________ at such a big party attended by many important figures.
A.in the way
B.out of the way
C.out of place
D.in place
17.By the time he arrives in Beijing, we ________ here for two days.
A.shall stay
B.have been staying
C.will have stayed
D.have stayed
18.He won't succeed any way, ________ hard he tries.
A.whatever
B.no matter
C.as
D.however
19.He has gone to the post office to ________ a parcel that has come to him from his brother.
A.gather
B.mail
C.collect
D.pick
20.Purchasing the new production line will be a ________ deal for the company.
A.forceful
B.profitable
C.tremendous
D.favorite
三、完型填空
The book is the best research machine invented. Since mass printing began a few hundred years ago, it has given hundreds of millions of people __21__ they could not have found anywhere else.
But many readers don't know __22__ a book is organized to help them. They see the different elements of a book. However, the __23__ for such organization puzzles them.
The first thing to look at is the title and author. __24__, a title doesn't tell you very much about what is inside, but usually it does. Sometimes a subtitle __25__ you more information than the main title. __26__ a book has a dust jacket, read the inside flops（书封皮折向里面的部分）. They usually give you a fairly good breakdown of __27__ the book is about. Behind the title page in most books is the copyright notice. It is __28__ to look at this, especially the last date of copyright. Suppose you are studying space travel, a book with a 1916 copyright will not __29__ moon landings.
Check the author's background, if possible. Now and then, you can find it in a beginning part called a preface. Read carefully about the author. Do you think he or she is __30__ to write on the book's subject? Does his or her background make the author an expert in this field?
21.
A.things
B.machines
C.research
D.information
22.
A.that
B.how
C.what
D.whether
23.
A.reason
B.rule
C.routine
D.value
24.
A.All at once
B.Ever since then
C.Every now and then
D.Once in a while
25.
A.shows
B.gives
C.presents
D.supplies
26.
A.If
B.As
C.Since
D.Though
27.
A.what
B.which
C.that
D.there
28.
A.possible
B.convenient
C.easy
D.important
29.
A.report
B.lecture
C.cover
D.expose
30.
A.skilled
B.selected
C.qualified
D.specified
四、汉译英
31.这所小学平均每班有45人.
average, there are 45 students in each class of this primary school.
32.与同事们和睦相处对我来说很重要。
's important for me to get along with the/my colleagues.
33.从金钱的角度来说，这份工作好处不大，但是我从中可以得到有价值的经验。
e work isn’t very profitable in terms of cash, but I am getting valuable experience from it.
34.我无法适应新的电脑系统，它太复杂了。
can't get used to the new computer system, which is too complicated /complex.
五、写作
35.写作
Instructions:Your essay should be no less than 150 words.
What is the focus or the most important task for students, study or housework? Write an essay on the topic "Should We Learn to Do Housework?" You should base your essay on the outline below.
1.学生应否学做家务？有人认为应该。
2.有人认为没必要。
3.我认为……
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