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2020年成人高考成考高起点英语语法归纳练习

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2020年成人高考成考高起点英语语法归纳练习 报名本机构合作学校,赠送复习资料,复习课程,确保录取。并且可以申请学校奖学金500元~1500元不等!广东理工学院成人高考招生简章(一)情态动词 一、情态动词的现在完成式的用法 情态动词现在完成...

2020年成人高考成考高起点英语语法归纳练习

 

 报名本机构合作学校,赠送复习资料,复习课程,确保录取。并且可以申请学校奖学金500元~1500元不等!
广东理工学院成人高考招生简章

(一)情态动词

    一、情态动词的现在完成式的用法

    情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能:表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气。在这两个方面must/mustn't,;can/cann'tneed/needn'tmay/mayn'tmight/mightn'tshould/shouldn't

    ougtht等情态动词+完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的

    1.表示已经发生的情况。

    1must have+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的肯定推测,译为"(昨天)一定……"。如:

    My pain __________ apparent the moment I walked into the room for the first man I met asked sympathetically" Are you feeling all right"

    [A] must be       [B] had been     [C] must have been     [D] had to be

    (答案为C

    2can't / couldn't have+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的否定推测,译为"(昨天)一定没……"。如:

    Mary __________ my letter otherwise she would have replied before now.

    [A] couldn't have received     [B] ought to have received

    [C] has received               [D] shouldn't have received

    (答案为A

    3may / might have +过去分词,表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测,或事实上根本没发生,译为"也许……"。如:

    At Florida Power's Crystal River plant a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.

    2.表示虚拟语气。

    1 needn't have + 过去分词,表示做了不必做的事,相当于"didn't need to do",译为"其实没必要……"。如:

    You needn't have come over yourself.

    As it turned out to be a small house party we __________ so formally.

    [A] needn't dress up         [B]did not need have dressed up

    [C] did not need dress up     [D] needn't have dressed up

    (没有必要穿的那么正式,体现是说话者的建议,实际结果是否真的穿的很正式没有确定,答案为D

    2should have +过去分词,表示应该做某事但实际上未做,译为"本应该……"should not + have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了,译为"本不应该……"。如:

    I regret having left the work unfinished I should have planned everything ahead carefully.

    我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好,但实际上作者还是没有规划好,以至工作没有完成。

    3 ought to have +过去分词,表示动作按理该发生了,但实际上未发生,译为"……",与should 的完成式含义类似。如:

    he porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock which went up in smoke .

    4 could have +过去分词,表示过去本来可以做但却未做,译为"完全可以……"。这点与ought/should/ have +过去分词用法相似。如:

    What you said is right but you could have phrased it more tactfully.

    5 may/ might have +过去分词,表示过去可以做但实际未做,译为"(那样)也许会……"。如:

    It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.

    二、几个情态动词常考的句型:

    1 .may/might just as well "不妨,最好",与had better相近;成人高考

    Since the flight was cancelled you might as well go by train.

    既然航班已经取消了,你不妨乘火车吧。相当于you had better go by train.

    2 .cannot / can't…too …"……越好,怎么也不过分"。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over…。如:

    You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.驾车时候,越小心越好。

    The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized .

    3 .usedn't did't use to used to do) 的否定式。

    4 .should 除了"应该"一层意思外,考研大纲还规定要掌握其"竟然"的意思。如:I didn't expect that he should have behaved like that. 我无法想象他竟然这样做。

    三、情态动词被动关系的主动表达法

    1. want require worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动意义。

    Your hair wants cutting

    The book is worth reading

    The floor requires washing.

    2.need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing ,两种形式都表达被动的意义

    The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.

    The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.

(二) 形容词、副词及比较级最高级

    一、形容词的修饰与位置

    一般来说,从构词法角度来看,后缀"ly"往往是副词,但有的以"ly'结尾的词是形容词而不是副词,这点要注意;形容词一般可以在句子中做定语,表语等成份,但有些形容词在句子中只能做表语和只能做前置定语;这些形容词在修饰时候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意,下面做了一下归纳:

    1   -ly结尾的是形容词而不是副词:

    costly         昂贵的         lonely      孤独的

    deadly         死一般的       lively      活泼的

    friendly       友好的         silly       傻气的

    kindly         热心肠的       likely      可能的

    leisurely      悠闲的         ugly        长得丑的

    brotherly      兄弟般的       monthly     每月的

    earthly        尘世的

    2   只作以"a"开头的很多形容词只能做表语:

    afraid       害怕的         alike         相象的

    awake        醒着的         alone         单独的,惟一的

    alive        活着的         ashamed       羞愧的

    asleep       睡着的         aware         意识到的、察觉到的

    well         健康的         content       满意的

    unable       无能的

    3   只作前置定语的形容词

    earthen   泥土做的,大地的  daily     每日的        latter   后面的

    golden   金子般的           weekly    每周的        inner    里面的

    silken     丝一般的         monthly   每月的        outer    外面的

    wooden   木制的             yearly    每年的        elder    年长的

    woolen   毛织的             former    前任的        mere     仅,只不过

    only     惟一的             sheer     纯粹的        very     恰好的

    little   小的               live      活的

    4.下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词,注意用做系动词时,要求形容词做表语:

    remain   keep become get grow go come turn stay stand run prove seem appear look.

    如:All those left undone may sound great in theory but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.

    二、形容词与副词的比较级与最高级

    1. 考比较级时,考生应把握:

    1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现,即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如:

    Do you enjoy listening to records I find records are often ________ or better than an actual performance.

    [A]as good as   [B]as good   [C]good     [D]good as

    在这里as good as 比较连词与better than比较连词同时出现时候,不能省略任何一个介词。答案为A

    On the whole ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.

    2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念,既是说比较要具有可比性。如:

    The number of registered participants in this year's marathon was half  ________  .

    [A] of last year's           [B]those of last year's

    [C]of those of last year     [D] that of last year's

    (前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数"the number of"故代替它的应该是单数指示代词"that",而不能选择Bthose是指代participants,不是同类对比,答案为D.

    Young readers more often than not find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray's.

    3)比较级与倍数词关系及其位置

    原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词,表示为"。若干倍",当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等,他们的位置是,倍数词+as…as…,或倍数词+more…than…,但again一般放在原级词之后,即 "as+原级+again+as"。如:

    Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills  ________  people each year than automobile accidents.

    [A] seven more times     [B] seven times more

    [C] over seven times       [D] seven times

    (答案为B

   "Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting""No I would gladly have paid  ________  for it."

    [A] twice so much     [B] twice as much

    [C] as much twice     [D] so much twice

    (答案为B

    My uncle is as old again as I am

    4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念:

    inferior minor senior prior prefer to superior major junior preferable differ from compared with in comparison with different from rather than. 如:

    Their watch is  ________  to all the other watches on the market.

    [A] superior     [B] advantageous     [C] super     [D] beneficial

    (答案为A

    Prior to his departure he addressed a letter to his daughter.   1986年考研题)

    5"比较级+and +比较级""more and more/less and less +原级"以及"ever steadily daily等副词+比较级"结构表示"越来越……"的意思,与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow get become等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中,注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如:

    Things are getting worse and worse.

    As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.

    Her health was becoming daily worse

    The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.

    6)比较级前面可以用even still yet all the more)等修饰语用以加强语气,表示"更加"的意思。如

    Today it is even colder than yesterday

    I have yet more exciting news for you

    7) 有关比较级的特殊句型:

    A): not so much…as…与其说……不如说……

    The chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates  ________  a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.

    [A] and     [B] as     [C]but     [D] or

    人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高,还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果。答案为B

    B no/not any more…than…两者一样都不……

    The heart is  ________  intelligent than the stomach for they are both controlled by the brain.

    [A] not so     [B]not much     [C]much more     [D] no more

    (心脏和胃两者都不具有智力,他们都受大脑控制。答案为D

    There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take ________  they can limit how much water you drink.

    [A] much more than     [B] no more than

    [C] no less than       [D] any more than

    (答案为D

    Cno/not any less…than…两者一样,都……注意基本上与no/not any more…than意思相反

    She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一样漂亮

    Djust as… so…     正如…… …………(用倒装结构)

    Just as the soil is a part of the earth ________  the atmosphere.

    [A] as it is     [B] the same is     [C] so is     [D] and so is

    (答案为C

    2.最高级形式应注意的问题:

    1)最高级比较范围用介词in over of among.

    in, (all over用于在某一范围内的比较,如:in China all over the world.

    of among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较,如:among the teachers of the four dresses.

    注意:among…相当于one of …,不说among all…。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来

    如:

    all visible lights red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.

    [A] Among       [B] Of     [C]For     [D]To       答案为[B]

    2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时,比较对象的范围应用:

    any other +单数名词

    the other +复数名词

    the others

    anyone/anything else

    上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语,切不可遗漏,尤其是other,否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说:John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。

    3most可以用来修饰形容词或副词,意思相当于very,用法区分单复数,但不能用定冠词the,如:a most interesting book most expensive restaurants, 要注意与 "the +形容词最高级+of + 名词"的结构表示的最高级的区别,如:

    He spoke in the warmest of voices

    They have been most kind to me

    Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.

    Chinese is the most difficult of language

    Chinese is a most difficult language

    三、不用比较级和最高级的形容词:

    1)表示颜色的有:white black

    2)表示形态的有:round square oval circular triangular(三角形),level

    3)表示性质和特征的有:atomic economic scientific sonic golden silvery woolen earthen silent full empty sure dead deaf blind lame rainy

    4)表示状态作表语的有:afraid asleep alive ashamed alone aware alike

    5)表示时间、空间和方位的有:daily weekly monthly annual present front back forward backward east west south north left right final

    6)表示极限、主次、等级的有:maximum minimum utmost main major chief minor superior inferior senior junior super favorite

    7)含有绝对概念的有:absolute entire whole total perfect excellent thorough complete.

    四、平行结构与比较级

    平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。如:

    The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.

    大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的,有的是递进对比not only…but also) ;prefer…to…rather than有的是同类对比:and butorboth… and…either…or… neither…nor………

    平行结构测试时候注意以下几点:

    1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如:

    It is better to die one's feet than     .

    [A]living on one's knees [B]live on one's knees

    [C]on one's knees   [D]to live on one's knees

    (答案为D

    Despite the temporary difficulties the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.

    2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构。

    1rather than let alone 虽不是并列连词,但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如:

    We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style         in a personal style.

    [A]rather than       [B]other than       [C]better than       [D]less than

    答案为A

    For the new country to survive       for its people to enjoy prosperity new economic policies will be required.

    [A] to name a few     [B]let alone     [C]not to speak     [D]let's say

    (答案为B

    2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语,而且介词相同,一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如:

    At times more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.

(三)代词及其指代一致

    一、代词的指代

    1.that的指代作用

    that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数,用those),后面通常跟有修饰语,如出现在比较结构中的that of.

    Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener and it calls for occasional "digestive pauses" by both.这里that指代前面的the role.

    No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.

    2.one的指代作用

    one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词,复数为ones.the one指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。如:

    A good writer is ________ who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.

    [A] that         [B]he         [C]one       [D]this

    答案为[C]

    3.do的替代作用。

    do代替动词,注意数和时态的变化。如:

    For him to be re-elected what is essential is not that his policy works but that the public believe that it does.

    二、代词指代一致问题

    代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致,或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。

    Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.

    这里he指代前面的person.

    It was during the 1920's that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.

    这里its指代前面的两人的friendship.

    Our department was monitored by two supervisors Bill and me.

    这里me必须用宾格形式。

    代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律:

    1.邻近和靠近原则

    either … or neither…nor not only…but also)连接先行词时候,如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致,就用其相应的一直的人称代词;如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致,人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致。

    Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.

    Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination

    If either David or Janet comes he or she will want a drink

    2.each everyone everybody no one none anybody someone somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候,或者anything nothing something everything等不定代词作主语时候,其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则,采取单数形式。如:

    Everybody talked at the top of his voice.

    None of the boys can do it can he

    Everything is ready isn't it"

    3.当主语为复数形式,后跟each作同位语时,如果each位于动词之前,其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式;如果 each位于动词之后,其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。如:

    They each have two coats

    we are each responsible for his own family

    4.and连接两个先行词,代词用复数

    如:the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident

(四) 主谓一致问题

    主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致。把握主谓一致问题,考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定,进而选择适当的谓语。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则:

    语法一致原则   意义一致原则   就近一致原则

    很多情况下应该综合利用这三个原则来处理主谓一致,在不同情况下可能应用三个原则中的不同原则,具体应用哪种原则应该视具体情况而定。总结如下:

    一、谓语动词用单数的情况

    1.动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语,谓语用单数。如:

    Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.

    1987年考研题)

    To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.

    2.表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时,谓语用单数。

    Two weeks was too long

    Five times five makes twenty five

    3.一般用and连接的两个单词或短语做主语时候,谓语用复数,但是下面用and连接的主语表示一个概念,谓语用单数:

    law and order           法制             soap and water       肥皂水

    a cup and saucer        茶杯碟子         fork and knife       刀叉

    the needle and thread   针线             trial and error      反复尝试,不断摸索

    horse and carriage      马车             time and tide        岁月

  &nb

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